CSS Units: px, rem, em

In CSS, various units of measurement are used to set sizes (margins, fonts, widths, etc.). Among them, especially important are: px, em, rem. They affect responsiveness, scalability and style inheritance.

px — pixels

Absolute unit of measurement.
Sets fixed size, independent of parent or root font.
Doesn't adapt to scaling, poorly suited for responsive design.

font-size: 16px;
padding: 10px 20px;

Suitable for pixel-perfect design
Scales poorly and doesn't account for user settings

em — relative unit

Relative to parent element's font size.
1em = current parent's font-size.
Used for margins, padding and even font-size, but can behave unpredictably when nested.

/* parent */
.parent {
  font-size: 16px;
}

/* child */
.child {
  font-size: 1.5em; /* 24px relative to parent */
}

em nesting can accumulate:

.outer {
  font-size: 16px;
}

.inner {
  font-size: 1.2em; /* 16px × 1.2 = 19.2px */
}

.inner .text {
  font-size: 1.2em; /* 19.2px × 1.2 = ~23px */
}

rem — root em

Relative to root element's (html) font size.
1rem = font-size at <html> level (16px by default).
Independent of parent, making rem more predictable.

html {
  font-size: 16px;
}

.button {
  font-size: 1.25rem; /* 20px */
  padding: 0.5rem 1rem; /* 8px 16px */
}

Convenient for responsive typography
Works well with media queries
Easy to scale (change 1 value in html — everything changes)

Comparison Table

Unit	Relative to?	Scaling Support	Application
`px`	Absolute pixel	❌	Fixed sizes
`em`	Parent `font-size`	✅ (but can accumulate)	Internal padding, margin
`rem`	`html font-size`	✅	Text sizes, layout, everything

When to use what?

px — when you need to fix size regardless of context (e.g., 1px icon).
em — for component internal scalability (e.g., padding, margin).
rem — for global typography, margins, responsive design.

Tip:

Use rem for base sizes, em — for component internal proportions, and px — only in extreme cases.

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px — pixels em — relative unit rem — root em Comparison Table When to use what?